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RULES OF EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS


Let a, b, p, q be any real numbers.


Rules of exponents.


ole.gif


ole1.gif


ole2.gif


ole3.gif


ole4.gif


ole5.gif


ole6.gif


ole7.gif  


ole8.gif






Laws of logarithms.


ole9.gif


ole10.gif  


ole11.gif


ole12.gif


ole13.gif


ole14.gif


ole15.gif


Change of base:

ole16.gif


ole17.gif


ole18.gif






________________________________________________________


Prove.


             ole19.gif


Proof. Let


(1)       x = logb N


or, equivalently,


(2)       bx = N.


Taking loga of both sides of (2), we have


(3)       x loga b = loga N


or


ole20.gif


From (1) and (4) we get


ole21.gif



End of Proof.





Prove.


             ole22.gif



Proof. Taking N = a and substituting into (5) we get



ole23.gif


and since loga a = 1, (6) becomes


             ole24.gif



End of Proof.



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